Delhi ki sadkon par phir se students hain. NEET-UG paper leak ko lekar hafton se yeh bheed Jantar Mantar chhod nahi rahi. Students accountability maang rahe hain, sarkar apni safai de rahi hai, aur baaki sab, jaisa hamesha hota hai, do khemon mein bant gaye hain.
Ek sawaal phir uthta hai, jo har baar uthta hai jab students sadak par aate hain. Kya inse kuch badalta hai? Ya bas kuch dinon ki headline banti hai, phir sab bhool jaate hain?
Iska jawab, agar dhoondein toh, Bharat ke apne itihaas mein hi mil jaata hai. Aur woh jawab utna suhaana nahi hai jitna log sochte hain.
Aaiye shuru kartey hai Ahmedabad se , January 1974 , L.D. Engineering College ke hostel mein mess ki fee 20% badha di gayi. Kuch students ne strike ka faisla kiya. Kisi ko bhi andaaza nahi tha, na students ko, na sarkar ko, aur desh ko toh bilkul nahi tha, ki yeh chhota sa virodh kuch hi mahino mein Gujarat se Bihar tak pahunchega, aur aakhirkar Bharat ke loktantra ki sabse badi pareeksha ki shuruaat karega.
Yeh Kahani Bihar Se Shuru Nahi Hoti
Zyada tar kitaabein is kahani ki shuruaat Jayaprakash Narayan se karti hain, ya seedha 1975 ki Emergency se. Lekin tab tak yeh kahani kaafi aage badh chuki thi. Asli shuruaat ek engineering college ke hostel se hui thi.
January 1974 ko, Ahmedabad ke L.D. Engineering College ke students ne hostel mess ki fees 20% badhotri ke khilaf strike bulayi. Baat bahut chhoti lagti thi, lekin thi nahi. Kuch hi dinon mein Gujarat University mein bhi students par tear gas aur lathi charge hua, ek hi raat mein 326 students arrest kiye gaye, aur jo shuru mein sirf hostel mess ki fees ka masla lag raha tha, woh mehengai, bhrashtachar aur ek aisi sarkar ke khilaf gussa ban gaya jo aam aadmi se poori tarah kat chuki thi.
Jald hi Ahmedabad ki sadkon par curfew laga diya gaya. 26 January ko halaat itne bigad gaye ki laghbagh ek hazaar dukanein loot li gayi, aur do din baad, 28 January ko, sthiti itni bigad chuki thi ki army bulaani padi, us daur mein yeh ek bahut hi asaadharan kadam tha. Kuch dinon baad, 4 February ki shaam, log apni chhaton par chadh gaye, aur theek 8 baje, poore shehar mein steel ke bartan bajne lage. Ek “mrutyu ghant”, ek maut ki ghanti, Chimanbhai Patel ki sarkar ke liye.
Jab yeh andolan khatam hua, hisaab kuch is tarah tha, sau se zyada mrityu, sainkdo zakhmi aur giraftariyaan aath hazaar ka aankda paar kar gayi thi. Chimanbhai Patel ko istifa dena pada, aur Gujarat Assembly bhang kar di gayi.
Bihar Mein Aag Failti Hai
Gujarat ki khabar poore desh mein pahunch chuki thi. Sabse gehra asar Bihar ke students par hua.
Gujarat ke kuch hafton baad hi, Bihar ke students bhi sadak par aa gaye. Unki maangein sirf campus tak simit nahi thi, unemployment, bhrashtachar, badhti keemat, education mein sudhar, sab kuch iss mein shaamil tha. Bihar Chhatra Sangharsh Samiti ban chuki thi, alag alag student wings ko jodta ek joint samiti. Is movement ke frontrunners mein Lalu Prasad Yadav aur Nitish Kumar jaise naujawan neta bhi shaamil the.
Shuruaat students ne ki thi, lekin dheere dheere yeh andolan students se kahin bada ban chuka tha.
18 March 1974 ko, students Bihar Assembly ka gherao karne nikle. Police ne goli chalayi, 3 students mauke par hi mar gaye. Zakhm bharne se pehle hi, 12 April ko phir goli chali, is baar 8 aur students mare gaye. Ek mahine mein gyarah naujawan, jinki poori zindagi baaki thi.
JP Movement 1974
JP ne 8 April ko ek khamosh julus nikala, pichhle teen hafton ki police zyadti ke khilaf. Jayaprakash Narayan (Lok Nayak) , uss samay 72 years ke the, Angrezon se lad chuke the, saalon jail mein guzar chuke the, aur azaadi ke baad mantri banne ka mauka bhi thukra chuke the, uss umar mein aur kya karte. Bahut se log maante the ki unki rajnitik zindagi khatam ho chuki hai.
Jab students unke paas gaye, unhone pehle mana kiya. Woh hinsa se darte the. Sochte the ki kya ek aur mass movement sach mein zaroori hai. Bahut appeal karne ke baad hi woh maane.
5 June 1974 ko, Patna ke Gandhi Maidan mein, unhone is andolan ko ek naam diya, “Sampoorna Kranti” (Total Revolution). JP ka kehna tha ki sirf chunav se bhrashtachar khatam nahi hoga. Rajniti badalni hogi, shiksha bhi badalni hogi, prashasan bhi, arthvyavastha bhi, aur khud saarvajanik naitikta bhi badalni hogi. Yeh soch itni vishaal thi ki asambhav lagti thi. Lakhon logon ko yehi soch khinch layi.
Jab Virodh Satta Se Takrata Hai
Har bade andolan mein ek pal aata hai. Kya sarkar dissent sun sakti hai? Ya dissent ko hi khatra maan legi?
Protest Bihar se bahar failta gaya, Giraftariyaan badhti gayi, Rajnitik tanaav din pe din gehra hota gaya. Opposition JP ke saath khadi ho gayi. Sarkar ke samarthak kehte rahe, yeh andolan desh ki sthirta kamzor kar raha hai. Dono taraf ek doosre ko khatra maanne lage, sirf virodhi nahi.
Samjhaute ki jagah dheere dheere khatam hoti gayi. Tanaav aksar dheere dheere apne breaking point tak pahunchta hai. Phir ek hi jhatke mein sab badal jaata hai.
Ek Adalat Sab Kuch Badal Deti Hai
12 June 1975 ko, Allahabad High Court ne Prime Minister Indira Gandhi ko doshi paaya. Unka 1971 ka chunav galat tareekon se jeeta gaya tha. Court ne chunav radd kar diya. Unhe appeal ke liye waqt diya gaya.
Yeh faisla ek samvidhanik sankat ban gaya. Aisa pehle kabhi nahi hua tha. Opposition ne istifa maanga. JP bhi khule aam saath aa gaye. Anishchitata badhti gayi.
Do hafte bhi nahi guzre they, 25 June 1975 ki raat, President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ne Emergency laga di, Prime Minister ki salaah par. Kuch hi ghanton mein opposition ke bade neta giraftar kar liye gaye. Press par censorship laga di gayi. Naagrik adhikaar seemit kar diye gaye. Jo andolan students ke accountability maangne se shuru hua tha, ab sabse bade centralized power ka saamna kar raha tha.
Loktantra Kuch Samay Ke Liye Ruk Jaata Hai
21 months tak Bharat mein Emergency rahi, hazaaron log preventive detention laws ke tehat jail mein rahe woh bhi bina kisi charge ke. Akhbaaron mein khaali jagah chhapti thi, jahan kabhi khabar hoti thi. 28 June ko, Emergency ke sirf teen din baad, Indian Express ne apna poora editorial column khaali chhap diya, protest ke tarike se, aur The Statesman ne bhi aisa hi kuch kiya. Rajnitik sabhaon par pratibandh laga diya gaya. Judiciary khud bhi dabaav mein aa gayi.
Kuch log kehte the anushasan wapas aa gaya hai. Baaki kehte the sirf kaagazi loktantra bacha hai, azaadi kahin nahi.
Emergency ne yeh hamesha ke liye badal diya ki Bhartiya log samvidhanik suraksha ke baare mein kaise sochte hain.
Voters Ka Faisla
1977 mein chunav ka aelaan hua. Bahut se log maante the ki satta pakshdal aasani se wapas aa jayega. Aisa nahi hua. Bhartiya voters ne aadhunik itihaas ka sabse asaadharan chunav parinaam diye. Azaadi ke baad pehli baar, Congress Kendra mein satta se bahar ho gayi. Indira Gandhi khud apni seat haar gayi.
JP kabhi Prime Minister nahi bane. Woh chahte bhi nahi the. Par jis andolan ko unhone lead kiya, usne Bhartiya rajniti hamesha ke liye badal di. Yeh saabit hua, azaadiyon ke suspend hone ke baad bhi loktantra khud ko theek kar sakta hai, ballot box ke zariye.
Yeh Sirf Ek Protest Se Zyada Hai
Log aksar Emergency ko yaad karte hain, censorship ko yaad karte hain, giraftariyon ko yaad karte hain, samvidhanik sanshodhanon ko yaad karte hain.
Bahut kam log un students ko yaad karte hain, jo sab kuch shuru hone se pehle hi apni classroom se bahar chale gaye the.
Woh naujawan log Bharat ka itihaas dobara likhne nahi nikale the. Bas saasti shiksha chahiye thi, imaandaar shaasan chahiye tha, aur ek aisi sarkar chahiye thi jo sunti. Itihaas ki aadat hai, chhoti shikayaton ko samvidhanik mod tak le jaana.
JP Movement ek protest se zyada tha. Yeh us pal ki kahani hai jab gussa institutions ke response se tez badhta hai, aur jab loktantra ko aakhirkar ek mushkil sawaal ka jawab dena padta hai. Kya sarkar apni janta ki sehmati khoye bina vyavastha bacha sakti hai?
Yeh sawaal 1977 mein khatam nahi hua tha. Har peedhi ise naye sire se apnati hai.
Pachaas saal pehle bhi kuch students sadak par the. Unhe bhi lagta tha, unki baat suni nahi ja rahi.
Itihaas ne unke sawaalon ka jawab turant nahi diya, lekin jawab diya zaroor.
Aaj Delhi ki sadkon par ek aur peedhi khadi hai.
Shayad unke sawaalon ka jawab bhi waqt hi likhega. Itihaas baad mein bas usse darj karega.
Filhaal, sawaal wahi hai.
Kya koi sunega?
Excellent article! It explains the JP Movement, Navnirman Andolan, and the Emergency in a clear, well-structured, and easy-to-understand manner. The timeline and historical context make it very useful for aspirants and anyone interested in modern Indian history. Keep publishing such informative and high-quality content! 👍